Almost every transaction a foreign investor carries out in Greece begins with the same step: obtaining a Greek tax identification number, the AFM (Arithmos Forologikou Mitroou). Without one, it is not possible to sign a property purchase contract, become a shareholder or director of a Greek company, open a bank account, enter into a long-term lease or file a Greek tax return.
The procedure has been substantially digitised in recent years by the Independent Authority for Public Revenue (AADE). This article explains how the process currently works for non-residents, the role of the tax representative following the 2024 changes, and the practical points that most often cause delay.
When you need an AFM
An AFM is required, among other things, to:
- buy, sell or inherit real estate in Greece;
- found, hold shares in, or manage a Greek company;
- open an account with a Greek bank;
- apply for a residence permit on investment grounds;
- receive Greek-source income, such as rent; and
- pay Greek taxes, including the annual property tax (ENFIA).
Because the AFM is a prerequisite for so many steps, it is usually the first item on the timetable of any investment and should be arranged early.
How the AFM is issued
The online procedure
AADE offers an online service through myAADE for the simultaneous issuance of an AFM and an Authentication Key (Kleidarithmos), which provides access to the TAXISnet online services. Under AADE Decision A.1185/2023, the application can be submitted by:
- the individual personally, regardless of tax residence;
- a legal representative or a tax representative; or
- another individual specifically authorised for this purpose.
An authorised third party must already have a Greek AFM and be a registered user of AADE’s online services.
Identification
The applicant’s identity must be verified. AADE allows the person concerned to choose either an appointment at a tax office in person or a video call through its myAADElive service. Where a legal or tax representative files the application with their own credentials, their identification is carried out automatically through their login.
Once the application is approved, the AFM certificate and the TAXISnet access details are delivered by e-mail. Processing times vary and cannot be guaranteed, particularly during busy periods or where documents need clarification.
Documents usually required
The exact list depends on the applicant’s situation, but typically includes:
- a valid passport (or national identity card for EU citizens);
- proof of the applicant’s address abroad;
- where a third party applies, a power of attorney or a solemn declaration with an authenticated signature; and
- where a tax representative is appointed, the appointment document and the representative’s written acceptance.
Documents issued abroad must generally bear an Apostille (for countries party to the Hague Convention) or consular legalisation, and must be officially translated into Greek. AADE’s guidance specifies that authentication precedes translation.
The tax representative after the 2024 changes
What changed
For many years non-residents were, in practice, required to appoint a tax representative in Greece. AADE Decision A.1069/2024, issued under Article 8 of the new Tax Procedure Code (Law 5104/2024) and later amended by Decision A.1125/2024, changed this. A person resident abroad may appoint an individual or a legal entity resident in Greece as tax representative, but the appointment is optional where the person declares that they accept service of all acts, documents and notices of the tax administration at the contact details they have declared.
Is appointing one still advisable?
Even where it is not mandatory, many non-residents still choose to appoint a representative. Tax notices may be issued in Greek, often carry short deadlines, and a missed notice can lead to penalties. A local representative can receive and forward correspondence, deal with the tax office and coordinate with the investor’s accountant. AADE’s procedural guidance also indicates that, where the AFM application is not filed by the non-resident personally, a declaration appointing a tax representative may still be requested.
The representative is appointed by power of attorney or by solemn declaration, which can be signed in Greece, at a Greek consulate or embassy, or via gov.gr if the taxpayer already holds TAXISnet credentials. The document should state clearly where notices are to be served, whether to the representative, to the taxpayer, or to both.
Points that commonly cause delay
- Name transliteration. The name on the AFM record should match the passport exactly. Inconsistencies between the AFM, bank records and notarial deeds can cause problems later, for example at the Land Registry or Cadastre.
- Incomplete legalisation. A power of attorney signed abroad without an Apostille, or translated before being apostilled, is a frequent reason for documents to be returned.
- Spouses and joint purchasers. Each person who will appear on a contract needs their own AFM.
- Corporate investors. Foreign companies acquiring property or shares in Greece also require an AFM, with corporate documents legalised and translated.
- Tax residence. Obtaining an AFM does not by itself make a person tax resident in Greece. Tax residence is determined by the criteria of the Income Tax Code, such as permanent residence, centre of vital interests and physical presence.
After the AFM is issued
The TAXISnet credentials give access to the individual’s Greek tax record. Non-residents should keep their contact details current, monitor their myAADE inbox, and be aware of annual obligations that may arise, such as ENFIA on property owned in Greece or an income tax return where there is Greek-source income. Some investors also connect the AFM to other public services, for example the Cadastre or the Golden Visa application process.
Frequently asked questions
Can I obtain an AFM without travelling to Greece?
In many cases, yes. The online procedure with identification by myAADElive video call is designed to allow this, and an authorised person in Greece can also file on the applicant’s behalf.
Is a Greek tax representative still mandatory?
Under AADE Decisions A.1069/2024 and A.1125/2024, appointment is optional if the non-resident accepts service of tax notices at their declared contact details. Whether to appoint one is a practical decision that depends on the investor’s circumstances.
Does having an AFM create tax obligations?
The AFM itself does not create a tax liability, but transactions linked to it may, for example owning property or receiving rent. These obligations should be reviewed before the investment is made.
Do I need an AFM before signing a preliminary property agreement?
Generally yes, since notarial deeds and the related tax declarations require the parties’ AFMs. It is advisable to arrange the AFM before negotiations reach the contract stage.
Assistance with your registration
Obtaining an AFM is often straightforward, but errors at this stage can affect later transactions. Konstantinos Tsegas & Associates Law Firm can assist foreign clients with the AFM application, the appointment of a tax representative and the related documentation. Please contact us if you would like to arrange a consultation.